TOEFL 英単語帳
TOEFL iBT で問われる学術語彙
目次
1
The researcher formulated a hypothesis and designed an experiment in which the temperature served as the independent variable while a separate control group received no treatment.
2
Astronomers observe distant stars and measure their luminosity with highly sensitive instruments, then compile the readings into a public dataset for further analysis.
3
To analyze the survey results, the team applied statistical methods to a random sample and found that income strongly correlated with educational attainment.
4
The theory provided a coherent model of climate change that fit within the broader framework of earth system science and gradually replaced the older paradigm.
5
The empirical evidence was not yet conclusive, so independent laboratories tried to replicate the original study before drawing firm conclusions.
6
Follow-up experiments confirmed the main prediction and validated the underlying model, while a counterexample failed to falsify the theory or refute its central claim.
7
Each organism belongs to a particular species, and populations gradually evolve as their members adapt to changing environmental pressures.
8
A healthy ecosystem maintains its biodiversity by preserving the habitat of every species, from microscopic plankton to apex predators.
9
Geologists examined the mineral composition of the sediment and measured rates of erosion to estimate when a fossil had been buried in the rock layer.
10
A stable climate depends on the delicate balance of gases in the atmosphere, but rising greenhouse emissions are disrupting that equilibrium worldwide.
11
Modern astronomy has revealed that our galaxy contains billions of stars, many of which are accompanied by at least one planet moving in a stable orbit.
12
When an external force acts on a sliding block, gravity and friction jointly determine how quickly the object loses its momentum.
13
A novel compound was synthesized when each molecule underwent a rapid reaction in the presence of a specially designed catalyst.
14
After exposure to an infectious disease, the body produces specific antibodies; a vaccine triggers the same immune response without causing illness.
15
Cognition arises from countless neurons that communicate to shape perception and store information in long-term memory.
16
A single mutation in one gene can give rise to a hereditary trait that is passed down through many generations.
17
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection shows how every modern species shares a distant common ancestor.
18
The discovery of penicillin was a true breakthrough, and the pioneer behind it left a lasting legacy in modern medicine.
19
Cutting-edge technology drives firms to innovate, and any promising invention is quickly protected by a patent.
20
Scholars publish their findings in academic journals only after peer review, and each paper is judged partly by the number of citations it later receives.
21
Research ethics demand intellectual integrity: investigators must avoid plagiarism and obtain informed consent from every participant.
22
Her novel approach produced unprecedented results whose profound implications for medicine were truly remarkable.
23
The two scholars continued to dispute the interpretation and openly debate the issue, fueling a wider controversy that invited public critique.
24
Specialized terminology can sound like impenetrable jargon, yet a precise definition makes each term accessible even to non-experts.
25
A robust methodology often combines qualitative interviews with quantitative surveys, and the entire procedure is documented so that others can repeat the study.
26
Modern society balances the rights of the individual against the needs of the wider community, and many institutions rely on collective action to address shared problems.
27
Every culture transmits its customs and traditions across generations, and UNESCO recognizes many practices as intangible cultural heritage.
28
Early civilization emerged once settled agriculture produced food surpluses, enabling a social hierarchy and the steady urbanization of riverine plains.
29
Demographic studies show that the world's population is unevenly distributed, with extreme density in coastal cities driven in part by rural-to-urban migration.
30
In a representative democracy the government is accountable to voters through periodic elections, and parliament debates and passes legislation on their behalf.
31
A market economy allocates resources through the interaction of supply and demand, and disruptions to either side can rapidly shift equilibrium prices.
32
Persistent inequality means that the prosperity of the few can coexist with widespread poverty, prompting debates about how national wealth should be redistributed.
33
Modern psychology investigates observable behavior as well as internal states such as motivation and emotion, often through controlled laboratory experiments.
34
Cultural anthropology examines how a community's rituals, kinship systems, and taboo restrictions structure everyday life and reinforce shared values.
35
Linguists study how a language is divided into regional dialects and how its grammar and syntax constrain the order in which words can appear in a sentence.
36
Historians often divide the past into eras spanning several centuries, distinguishing the ancient world from medieval Europe for analytical clarity.
37
The Roman empire expanded through systematic conquest, while in China a single dynasty could rule for centuries under the firm authority of a hereditary monarch.
38
In a feudal society the peasant tilled the land of a lord while the clergy copied each manuscript by hand in monastic scriptoria.
39
The Industrial Revolution introduced the factory system and mechanized many crafts, transforming both production methods and the structure of the labor force.
40
Prolonged warfare among rival alliances ended only when the belligerents signed a peace treaty and observed a fragile ceasefire along the disputed border.
41
European powers established a colony on distant shores and went on to colonize vast inland regions, often exploiting the labor and resources of indigenous peoples.
42
Movements for national independence asserted the people's sovereignty, defended individual liberty, and drafted a written constitution to limit the power of any future ruler.
43
Modern political philosophy traces the ideology of liberalism back to the Enlightenment, when thinkers placed unprecedented trust in human reason.
44
A world religion typically combines a shared faith in one or more deity figures with an authoritative body of scripture that guides daily conduct.
45
A reform movement may begin with peaceful protest and, in exceptional cases, escalate into a campaign for the abolition of a long-standing institution.
46
A popular uprising can overthrow a long-established regime, but the new leadership often imposes its own doctrine on the remaining institutions.
47
During the Cold War each superpower relied on espionage and nuclear deterrent capabilities while waging an intense propaganda campaign abroad.
48
Globalization has expanded international trade and allowed multinational corporations to drive deeper economic integration among distant markets.
49
As urban populations spread into the suburb, aging infrastructure struggles to keep pace, and rapid gentrification often displaces long-term residents.
50
A modern system of criminal justice does not merely prosecute every reported crime, but also invests in the rehabilitation of offenders after they complete their sentence.
51
In her lecture on modern literature, the professor analyzed how the prose style shapes the narrative voice and ultimately defines the protagonist's moral struggle.
52
Romantic poetry often relies on free verse rather than strict meter, yet poets still employ metaphor to evoke vivid emotional landscapes.
53
Greek drama traditionally distinguished between tragedy and comedy, and a powerful monologue often revealed the inner conflict of the central character.
54
Contemporary literary criticism integrates close textual analysis with historical interpretation, demanding rigorous scholarship from every serious researcher.
55
Western classical music depends on the interplay of melody, harmony, and rhythm to create a sense of structural coherence.
56
The retrospective exhibition surveys decades of art, juxtaposing early oil painting with monumental bronze sculpture.
57
Renaissance architecture often emphasized a symmetrical facade and a central dome, integrating engineering structure with aesthetic ideals.
58
In documentary photography, the choice of lens, the exposure settings, and the careful composition together shape the viewer's perception.
59
Independent cinema thrives when a visionary director and a tightly written screenplay combine to produce scenes of lasting emotional power.
60
The natural history museum displays each artifact according to the curator's thematic plan, while the underlying archive remains open to visiting scholars.
61
Modern education depends on a coherent curriculum and effective pedagogy, both of which aim to raise the literacy of the entire population.
62
At a research university, the faculty supervises both undergraduate courses and graduate seminars, balancing teaching with ongoing scholarly inquiry.
63
Original research requires every scholar to develop a defensible thesis and to support it across the chapters of a doctoral dissertation.
64
Before delivering her conference presentation, the doctoral candidate rehearsed the seminar version of her talk and refined the abstract one final time.
65
To meet the assignment deadline, the student submitted a rough draft to his advisor, who urged him to revise the argument substantially.
66
According to the syllabus, the final exam accounts for forty percent of the course grade, which is recorded on the official transcript.
67
After earning her bachelor's degree and master's diploma, she pursued a doctorate and eventually joined the active community of alumni at her university.
68
A generous research grant, combined with a competitive fellowship and income from the university's endowment, helped offset the cost of tuition.
69
The university library houses an extensive reference collection, and students are expected to cite sources in the bibliography and to document direct quotations in a footnote.
70
External funding from a private sponsor required a transparent allocation of resources within the laboratory's annual budget.
71
Studying abroad through an exchange program offers students full cultural immersion, which often accelerates their fluency in the target language.
72
Many bilingual and multilingual professionals demonstrate high proficiency in academic English even when they retain a noticeable regional accent.
73
In many countries the education system progresses from elementary and secondary schools to tertiary institutions, supplemented by vocational training programs.
74
Lifelong learning depends on continuous intellectual curiosity and steadily cultivates genuine expertise in a chosen field.
75
Progressive educational philosophy values intellectual discipline, open inquiry, sustained dialogue, and long-term mentorship between teacher and student.
76
Effective conservation of natural habitats depends on sustainable management practices, the widespread adoption of renewable energy, and a strong sense of stewardship among local communities.
77
Industrial pollution and the contamination of groundwater by toxic chemicals pose hazardous risks to both ecosystems and public health.
78
Global warming, driven largely by rising carbon emissions, calls for urgent mitigation strategies that reduce the ecological footprint of human activity.
79
The depletion of key mineral reserves and the growing scarcity of fresh water stand in sharp contrast to the apparent abundance found in untapped underground reservoirs.
80
Access to freshwater is essential for irrigation, and prolonged drought in agricultural regions can quickly lead to widespread famine.
81
A novel algorithm at the heart of this innovation may disrupt traditional industries and accelerate the spread of automation across the labor market.
82
Modern artificial intelligence relies on machine learning models built from layered neural networks to make reliable predictions on unseen data.
83
Reliable communication over a global network requires both the efficient transmission of data and sufficient bandwidth to support growing user demand.
84
Advances in early diagnosis, individualized treatment, and the use of prosthetic devices are increasingly complemented by telemedicine in remote communities.
85
The space agency launched a new satellite and an unmanned probe to support the next phase of deep-space exploration.
86
Urban planning that integrates efficient transportation networks with thoughtful zoning regulations is central to the successful redevelopment of older districts.
87
In the event of a natural disaster such as a major earthquake or flash flood, swift evacuation procedures can save thousands of lives.
88
Modern bioethics confronts a profound dilemma over the cloning of human cells and the limits placed on individual autonomy in medical decision making.
89
Citizens enjoy fundamental rights, but they also bear an obligation to share collective responsibility and to demand accountability from public officials.
90
A commitment to fairness in hiring requires institutions to confront discrimination and prejudice and to actively cultivate tolerance within the workplace.
91
A sound argument moves logically from a clearly stated premise to a defensible conclusion without falling into any obvious fallacy.
92
A careful comparison reveals subtle similarities between the two theories, yet the author draws on a striking analogy to distinguish their underlying assumptions.
93
Researchers must be careful not to mistake a mere correlation for genuine causation, since a single effect can have far-reaching unintended consequences.
94
The lecturer introduced an abstract concept and supported its generalization with a concrete instance drawn from classical philosophy.
95
Academic writing demands reliable evidence from credible sources, and authors are expected to verify each citation before publication.
96
A persuasive essay is rarely convincing on data alone; skilled rhetoric and eloquent phrasing are equally indispensable to scholarly debate.
97
In her opinion piece, the scholar offered a fresh perspective and presented a balanced viewpoint before clarifying her own stance on the policy.
98
While several economists endorse the new reform and advocate immediate implementation, others openly oppose it and contradict the assumptions on which it rests.
99
From the experimental results, we can conclude that the hypothesis holds, infer a broader pattern, deduce its implications, and synthesize the findings into a unified theory.
100
The economic outlook remains uncertain, but analysts see a strong prospect for recovery and have issued an optimistic forecast aligned with the government's long-term vision.
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